Showing posts with label INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR. Show all posts
Showing posts with label INTERMEDIATE GRAMMAR. Show all posts

Wednesday, 2 November 2016

AS vs LIKE


As

1: 'As' can mean 'because/since'.
  • As it was raining, we didn't go out.
2: 'As' can mean 'while' or 'at the same time':
  • As I was walking down the street, I saw Jimmy.
3: We can use 'as' to talk about the way one thing is similar to another thing. In this case 'as' is a conjunction and needs to be followed by a subject and a verb or by a prepositional phrase. We invert the subject and the verb when using a formal register.
  • James loves pets, as do I.
4: We need to use 'as' with expressions like 'as much as' and by 'as +adjective +as'. This is also talking about similarity. These expressions can be followed by a subject and a verb or a noun or preposition.
  • John loves spicy food as much as I do.
  • Lily travels as much as me.
  • She's as clever as her sister is.
  • London's not as big as Mexico City.
5: 'As' can be used with a noun to show someone's position. This is especially common with jobs. In a similar way, 'as' can also be used to show something's function (what we are using it for). It must be followed by a noun.
  • She works as a teacher.
  • Don't use the knife as a screwdriver.
Watch out! You can't use 'like' for someone's real job. You need to use 'as'.
  • I work like a waitress.
Like

1: 'Like' can be used to give examples. It means the same as 'for example' and is usually followed by nouns or pronouns.
  • Western European countries like France and Spain have high unemployment at the moment.
2: We can also use 'like' to talk about how one thing is similar to another thing. Here 'like' is a preposition and is followed by a noun or a pronoun.
  • John loves spicy food, like me.
  • Tokyo is a busy and exciting city, like London.
When we're talking about how things are similar, we often use 'like' with verbs such as 'look', 'sound' and 'smell'.
  • She looks like her mother.
  • It looks like rain.
  • That sounds like a car.
  • The kitchen smells like lemons.

'Like' vs 'as' for similarity

Often, we can use both 'as' and 'like' to talk about similarity.
  • I love coffee, like Julie.
  • I love coffee, as Julie does.
We need to follow 'as' with a clause (a subject and a verb). When we use 'as' for similarity, it's not followed by a noun or pronoun.
  • I love coffee, as Julie.
However, when we use 'as' to mean a role or job (it's followed by a noun in this case), then we can't use 'like'. Instead, 'like' is talking about similarity.
  • As your mother, I'm telling you not to go out now. (I am your mother and I am telling you this in my role as your mother.)
  • Like your mother, I'm telling you not to go out now. (I'm not your mother, but I am telling you the same thing as she is. I am acting in a similar way to your mother.)
Here's another example.
  • She works as the manager (= she is the manager).
  • She works like the manager (= she isn't the manager, but she works in a similar way to the manager).

Sunday, 13 March 2016

RELATIVE CLAUSES: DEFINING OR NON-DEFINING?


Relative Clauses (Cláusulas relativas)

Se utilizan los pronombres relativos para unir dos o más cláusulas, formando así lo que llamamos “cláusulas relativas”. Hay dos tipos de cláusulas relativas: las que añaden información adicional y aquellas que modifican (o definen) el sujeto de la oración.

Non-defining Relative Clauses

Estas cláusulas agregan información adicional. Se utilizan comas para separar la cláusula relativa del resto de la oración. No se puede utilizar “that” en lugar de“which” o “who” en este tipo de cláusula.
Ejemplos:
 My friend Tony, who is an excellent writer, is helping me with my English paper. (Mi amigo Tony, quien es un escritor excelente, está ayundándome con mi estudio de inglés.)
 The report, which my boss asked me to write last week, still isn’t finished. (El informe, que mi jefe me pidió que escribiera la semana pasada, todavía no está terminado.)

Defining Relative Clauses

Estas cláusulas definen el sustantivo e identifican a qué cosa o persona nos referimos. No se usan comas con este tipo de cláusula.
Ejemplos:
 I wrote the report that you asked for. (Escribí el informe que me pidió.)
 She never met the man who saved her father’s life. (Nunca conoció al hombre que salvó la vida de su padre.)
Nota: El significado de la frase cambia dependiendo de qué tipo de cláusula relativa se utiliza.
Ejemplos:
 The employees who worked long hours completed their projects on time.(Los empleados que trabajaban largas horas terminaron sus proyectos a tiempo.) 
Nota: Sólo los que trabajaron muchas horas terminaron los proyectos a tiempo.
 The employees, who worked long hours, completed their projects on time. (Los empleados, que trabajaron muchas horas, terminaron sus proyectos a tiempo.) Nota: Todos los empleados terminaron los proyectos a tiempo.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Utilizamos los pronombres relativos para referirnos a un sustantivo (una persona o una cosa) mencionado antes y al que queremos agregar más información o modificar. Los pronombres relativos pueden referirse a algo o alguien en singular o plural. Algunos pronombres relativos se pueden usar sólo con personas, otros sólo con cosas y algunos con ambos. A continuación, tienes una lista de los pronombres relativos.
PronombrePersonaCosa
  that 
que
xx
  which 
que / cual
x
  who 
que / quién
x
  whom 
que / a quien
x
  whose 
cuyo
xx

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

El pronombre relativo se encuentra en lugar de un sustantivo. Este sustantivo suele aparecer anteriormente en la oración.

That

“That” es el pronombre relativo más utilizado en inglés hablado, ya que se puede utilizar tanto con personas como con cosas. Se utiliza para sustituir “which”,“who” o “whom” en cláusulas que definen el sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
 This is the book that won the Pulitzer prize last year. (Este es el libro que ganó el Permio Pulizer el año pasado.)
 This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the newspaper.(Este es el restaurante que recibió excelentes críticas en el periódico.)

Which

“Which” sólo se puede utilizar con las cosas.
Ejemplos:
 My new job, which I only started last week, is already very stressful. (Mi nuevo trabajo, que acabo de empezar la semana pasada, ya es muy estresante.)
 The house in which we lived in when we were children burnt down last week.(La casa en la que vivíamos cuando éramos niños se quemó la semana pasada.)

Who

Solo se puede utilizar “who” con personas.
Ejemplos:
 My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job. (Mi hermana, que se acaba de mudar conmigo, está buscando un trabajo.)
 I never met someone who didn’t like music. (Nunca he conocido a alguien que no le guste la música.)

Whom

“Whom” se utiliza para hacer referencia al objeto indirecto del verbo, pero no lo utilizamos mucho en inglés coloquial. Es más coloquial e informal el uso de “who” en vez de“whom”.
Ejemplos:
 The woman with whom I was talking to was my cousin. (La mujer con quién estaba hablando era mi prima.)
 This is Peter, whom I met at the party last week. (Este es Peter, a quien conocí en la fiesta la semana pasada.)

Whose

El uso de “whose” indica posesión, tanto para las personas y las cosas.
Ejemplos:
 That is the girl whose parents got divorced last year. (Esa es la chica cuyos padres se divorciaron el año pasado.)
 Paul, whose wife just had a baby, will not be at work for a few weeks. (Paul, cuyo esposa acaba de tener un bebé, no irá a trabajar durante unas semanas.)

When and where, why

Estos adverbios relativos a veces se utilizan en lugar de un pronombre relativo para hacer la frase más fácil de entender. Estos adverbios se refieren a expresiones de tiempo, lugares o motivos.
Ejemplos:
 The university where I teach is an excellent school. (La universidad donde enseño es una escuela excelente.)
 Can you tell me when is the best time to call? (¿Puedes decirme cuando es la mejor hora para llamar?)
Nota: Puede omitirse el pronombre relativo cuando es el objeto de la frase.
Ejemplos:
 The exam [that] I took this morning won’t be corrected and returned until next week. (El examen que hice esta mañana no se corregirá ni se devolverá hasta la semana que viene.)
 The woman [who] I’m dating is a teacher. (La mujer con quien estoy saliendo es profesora.)

Wednesday, 9 March 2016

REPORTED SPEECH: COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS

When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause: 

                                                       He told me to go away. 


The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause. The indirect object is the person spoken to. 


Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, and forbid.

1. Reporting Commands

Form

  • affirmative commands → to + infinitive
  • negative commands → not + to + infinitive

1.1. Affirmative commands

  • Direct Speech → Dad (to me): “Do your homework.”
  • Reported Speech → Dad told me to do my homework.

1.2. Negative commands

  • Direct Speech → Teacher (to me): “Don't talk to your friend.”
  • Reported Speech → The teacher told me not to talk to my friend.

2. Suggestions

Direct Speech

  • Father: “Let's watch a film.”

Reported Speech

  • Father suggested watching a film.
  • Father suggested that they should watch a film
Do not use the infinitive after suggest. Father suggested to watch a film.

The dentist recommended using a different toothbrush.
3. Requests

  • Could you buy some eggs?
  • She asked me to buy some eggs
  • Don't buy any eggs please.
  • She asked me not to buy any eggs.
REQUESTS FOR OBJECTS
Requests for objects are reported using the pattern "asked for" + object.
She asked for an apple.

CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS


UNLESS means the same as if...not (=A NO SER QUE). Like ifunless is followed by a present tense, a past tense, or a past perfect tense (never by a conditional). Unless is used instead of if...not in conditional sentences of all types. 

The order of the clauses doesn't matter with sentences using unless.

Unless you object, we'll bring some champagne.



Unless is often used in conditional sentences. It can be used with the first, second, or third conditional. Here are some examples.
First Conditional: "You'll be unhappy unless you break up with her" = "You'll be unhappy if you do not break up with her."

We will arrive at 8:00 if our train is on time
Second Conditional: "I wouldn't ask her out unless you told me it was OK" = "I wouldn't ask her out if you didn't tell me it was OK."
Third Conditional: "They wouldn't have come over unless we'd invited them" = "They wouldn't have come over if we had not invited them."

Unless is good to use when it highlights an exception to what is generally true. In this example I only have one reason why i may be late: traffic (vehicles on the road):
"I'll arrive at 10am unless there is traffic."
"I'll arrive at 10am if there isn't any traffic."

You can practise this HERE

Tuesday, 16 February 2016

TO HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE


Usamos 'To have/get something done' cuando queremos aclarar que recibimos la acción de (generalmente) un profesional, o de otra persona. También si alguien nos ha robado algo.

Se forma con have + noun + past participle

  • Liz and Meg are having their hair dyed.
    Liz y Meg se están haciendo teñir el pelo.
  • Mr. Singer always has his suits made at the tailor's shop.
    El señor Singer siempre se hace hacer los trajes en la sastrería.
  • Jake had his groceries delivered two hours ago.
    Le trajeron las compras a Jake hace dos horas.
  • We had our house burgled last weekend.
    El fin de semana pasado entraron a nuestra casa a robar.
  • Diane has had her printer cartridges refilled.
    Diane hizo recargar los cartuchos de su impresora.
  • We'd just had our house fumigated.
    Habíamos acabado de hacer fumigar la casa.
  • You should have your eyes checked.
    Deberías hacerte revisar los ojos.
  • Jenny will have her ears pierced.
    Jenny se va a hacer perforar las orejas.
  • Sergio had his wallet stolen.
  • A Sergio le robaron la cartera.
También se puede usar el get en lugar del have en contextos más informales. Get se utiliza más que Have en el inglés americano.
  • I usually get my hair done at Luigi's.
    Generalmente me peino en la peluquería de Luigi.
  • Martin got his tonsils removed yesterday.
    A Martin le extirparon las amígdalas ayer.
  • You must get this pipe fixed as soon as possible.
    Debes hacer arreglar esta cañería lo antes posible.


Puedes practicar más este aspecto gramatical AQUÍ